Spectral features of Earth-like planets and their detectability at different orbital distances around F, G, and K-type stars

TL;DR

This study assesses the spectral signatures of Earth-like exoplanets around F, G, and K stars at various orbital distances, focusing on the detectability of biomarkers like CO2, H2O, CH4, and O3 with JWST and E-ELT.

Contribution

It provides a comparative analysis of biomarker detectability in different star-planet scenarios using upcoming telescopes and highlights the observational strategies needed for detection.

Findings

CO2, H2O, CH4, and O3 absorption bands are detectable in high-resolution spectra.

Primary eclipse observations enable detection of key biomarkers across scenarios.

Combining space and ground-based observations enhances biomarker detection prospects.

Abstract

We investigate the spectral appearance of Earth-like exoplanets in the HZ of different main sequence stars at different orbital distances. We furthermore discuss for which of these scenarios biomarker absorption bands may be detected during primary or secondary transit with near-future telescopes and instruments.We analyze the spectra taking into account different filter bandpasses of two photometric instruments planned to be mounted to the JWST. We analyze in which filters and for which scenarios molecular absorption bands are detectable when using the space-borne JWST or the ground-based telescope E-ELT. Absorption bands of CO2, H2O, CH4 and O3 are clearly visible in high-resolution spectra as well as in the filters of photometric instruments. However, only during primary eclipse bands of CO2, H2O and O3 are detectable for all scenarios when using photometric instruments and an E-ELT telescope setup. CH4 is only detectable at the outer HZ of the K star since here the atmospheric modeling results in very high abundances. Since the detectable CO2 and H2O bands overlap, separate bands need to be observed to prove their existence in the atmosphere. In order to detect H2O in a separate band, a S/N>7 needs to be achieved for E-ELT observations, e.g. by co-adding at least 10 transit observations. Using a spaceborne telescope like the JWST enables the detection of CO2 at 4.3mu, which is not possible for ground-based observations due to the Earth's atmospheric absorption. Hence combining observations of spaceborne and groundbased telescopes might allow to detect the presence of the biomarker molecule O3 and the related compounds H2O and CO2 in a planetary atmosphere. Other absorption bands using the JWST can only be detected for much higher S/Ns, which is not achievable by just co-adding transit observations since this would be far beyond the planned mission time of JWST.(abridged)