Fading entanglement near equilibrium state

TL;DR

This paper numerically studies how entanglement in a dipolar coupled spin-1/2 system diminishes during the transition from a non-equilibrium to an equilibrium state, revealing non-monotonic behavior and dependence on energy ratios.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed numerical analysis of entanglement dynamics during equilibrium establishment, considering low-temperature effects and non-linear temperature evolution equations.

Findings

Entanglement fades before the system reaches equilibrium.

Entanglement dynamics depend strongly on the Zeeman to dipolar energy ratio.

Concurrence decreases rapidly at high energy ratios, prolonged at low ratios.

Abstract

It was recently shown that entanglement in quantum systems being in a non-equilibrium state can appear at much higher temperatures than in an equilibrium state. However, any system is subject to the natural relaxation process establishing equilibrium. The work deals with the numerical study of entanglement dynamics in a dipolar coupled spin-1/2 system under the transition from a non-equilibrium state to an equilibrium state. The spin system is characterized by a two-temperature density matrix, and the process of the establishment of equilibrium is in the equalization of these temperatures. The method of the non-equilibrium statistical operator is used to describe the evolution of the system. The process of establishing an equilibrium state in the homonuclear spin systems at low temperature was first considered. It was shown that the time dependences of the inverse temperatures of the spin subsystems are given by a solution of non-linear equations in contrast to the linear equations in the well-known high temperature approximation. It was first studied the entanglement dynamics during the equilibrium state establishment and found that, during establishing equilibrium, the concurrence changes non-monotonically with time and temperatures. Entanglement fades long before equilibrium is established in the system. It was shown that the entanglement dynamics depends strongly on the ratio of the Zeeman energy to the dipolar energy. At a high ratio, the concurrence in the system decreases quickly for time about 100 {\mu}s while, at a low ratio, establishment of equilibrium and fading entanglement take prolonged time up to 1 ms.