On the nature of dark energy: the lattice Universe

TL;DR

This paper proposes a cosmological model based on matter-antimatter symmetry and gravitational repulsion, offering an alternative explanation for dark energy and dark matter phenomena without requiring a cosmological constant.

Contribution

It introduces a simple cosmological model derived from extended general relativity with antimatter, replacing dark energy with gravitational repulsion effects.

Findings

Successfully fits supernova data with residuals similar to ΛCDM

Predicts a universe age between 13 and 15 billion years

Addresses horizon and coincidence problems without initial singularity

Abstract

There is something unknown in the cosmos. Something big. Which causes the acceleration of the Universe expansion, that is perhaps the most surprising and unexpected discovery of the last decades, and thus represents one of the most pressing mysteries of the Universe. The current standard $\Lambda$CDM model uses two unknown entities to make everything fit: dark energy and dark matter, which together would constitute more than 95% of the energy density of the Universe. A bit like saying that we have understood almost nothing, but without openly admitting it. Here we start from the recent theoretical results that come from the extension of general relativity to antimatter, through CPT symmetry. This theory predicts a mutual gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter. Our basic assumption is that the Universe contains equal amounts of matter and antimatter, with antimatter possibly located in cosmic voids, as discussed in previous works. From this scenario we develop a simple cosmological model, from whose equations we derive the first results. While the existence of the elusive dark energy is completely replaced by gravitational repulsion, the presence of dark matter is not excluded, but not strictly required, as most of the related phenomena can also be ascribed to repulsive-gravity effects. With a matter energy density ranging from $\sim5%$ (baryonic matter alone, and as much antimatter) to $\sim25%$ of the so-called critical density, the present age of the Universe varies between about 13 and $15\rm\,Gyr$. The SN Ia test is successfully passed, with residuals comparable with those of the $\Lambda$CDM model in the observed redshift range, but with a clear prediction for fainter SNe at higher $z$. Moreover, this model has neither horizon nor coincidence problems, and no initial singularity is requested. In conclusion, we have replaced all the tough problems of the current