PESSTO monitoring of SN 2012hn: further heterogeneity among faint type I supernovae

TL;DR

This paper reports detailed observations of SN 2012hn, a faint, hydrogen- and helium-poor supernova with unique spectral features, contributing to the understanding of diverse progenitor systems among similar faint transients.

Contribution

It provides new observational data and analysis of SN 2012hn, highlighting its unique spectral features and heterogeneity among faint type I supernovae, and discusses possible explosion mechanisms.

Findings

SN 2012hn has a faint peak magnitude (~ -15.7)

Spectral features include prominent Ca II, Ti II, Cr II, and a red continuum

SN 2012hn's location suggests an old progenitor system

Abstract

We present optical and infrared monitoring data of SN 2012hn collected by the Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey for Transient Objects (PESSTO). We show that SN 2012hn has a faint peak magnitude (MR ~ -15.7) and shows no hydrogen and no clear evidence for helium in its spectral evolution. Instead, we detect prominent Ca II lines at all epochs, which relates this transient to previously described 'Ca-rich' or 'gap' transients. However, the photospheric spectra (from -3 to +32 d with respect to peak) of SN 2012hn show a series of absorption lines which are unique, and a red continuum that is likely intrinsic rather than due to extinction. Lines of Ti II and Cr II are visible. This may be a temperature effect, which could also explain the red photospheric colour. A nebular spectrum at +150d shows prominent CaII, OI, CI and possibly MgI lines which appear similar in strength to those displayed by core-collapse SNe. To add to the puzzle, SN 2012hn is located at a projected distance of 6 kpc from an E/S0 host and is not close to any obvious starforming region. Overall SN 2012hn resembles a group of faint H-poor SNe that have been discovered recently and for which a convincing and consistent physical explanation is still missing. They all appear to explode preferentially in remote locations offset from a massive host galaxy with deep limits on any dwarf host galaxies, favouring old progenitor systems. SN 2012hn adds heterogeneity to this sample of objects. We discuss potential explosion channels including He-shell detonations and double detonations of white dwarfs as well as peculiar core-collapse SNe.