Tidal tails of dwarf galaxies on different orbits around the Milky Way

TL;DR

This study uses N-body simulations to analyze the properties and detectability of tidal tails around dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way, revealing how orbital parameters influence tail orientation and density.

Contribution

It provides a detailed phenomenological description of tidal tail properties for dwarf galaxies on various orbits, including their orientation, density, and relation to orbital phase, based on extensive simulations.

Findings

Tidal tails are most detectable shortly after pericentre passage.

Tail orientation relative to the line of sight is generally low, especially for circular orbits.

Eccentric orbits produce higher tail densities and larger angles relative to the line of sight.

Abstract

We present a phenomenological description of the properties of tidal tails forming around dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way. For this purpose we use collisionless N-body simulations of dwarfs initially composed of a disk embedded in an NFW dark matter halo. The dwarfs are placed on seven orbits around the Milky Way-like host, differing in size and eccentricity, and their evolution is followed for 10 Gyr. In addition to the well-studied morphological and dynamical transformation of the dwarf's main body, the tidal stripping causes them to lose a substantial fraction of mass both in dark matter and stars which form pronounced tidal tails. We focus on the properties of the stellar component of the tidal tails thus formed. We first discuss the break radii in the stellar density profile defining the transition to tidal tails as the radii where the profile becomes shallower and relate them to the classically defined tidal radii. We then calculate the relative density and velocity of the tails at a few break radii as a function of the orbital phase. Next, we measure the orientation of the tails with respect to an observer placed at the centre of the Milky Way. The tails are perpendicular to this line of sight only for a short period of time near the pericentre. For most of the time the angles between the tails and this line of sight are low, with orbit-averaged medians below 42 degrees for all, even the almost circular orbit. The median angle is typically lower while the maximum relative density higher for more eccentric orbits. The combined effects of relative density and orientation of the tails suggest that they should be easiest to detect for dwarf galaxies soon after their pericentre passage.