Testing for Homogeneity in Mixture Models

TL;DR

This paper compares traditional $C(lpha)$ tests with a new likelihood ratio approach for testing homogeneity in mixture models, emphasizing computational efficiency and finite-sample performance.

Contribution

It introduces a new likelihood ratio test based on nonparametric mixing distribution estimation and demonstrates its advantages over existing $C(lpha)$ tests.

Findings

Likelihood ratio tests outperform $C(lpha)$ tests in certain scenarios.

Bootstrap methods improve critical value determination.

Computational advances enable practical application of the new tests.

Abstract

Statistical models of unobserved heterogeneity are typically formalized as mixtures of simple parametric models and interest naturally focuses on testing for homogeneity versus general mixture alternatives. Many tests of this type can be interpreted as $C(\alpha)$ tests, as in Neyman (1959), and shown to be locally, asymptotically optimal. These $C(\alpha)$ tests will be contrasted with a new approach to likelihood ratio testing for general mixture models. The latter tests are based on estimation of general nonparametric mixing distribution with the Kiefer and Wolfowitz (1956) maximum likelihood estimator. Recent developments in convex optimization have dramatically improved upon earlier EM methods for computation of these estimators, and recent results on the large sample behavior of likelihood ratios involving such estimators yield a tractable form of asymptotic inference. Improvement in computation efficiency also facilitates the use of a bootstrap methods to determine critical values that are shown to work better than the asymptotic critical values in finite samples. Consistency of the bootstrap procedure is also formally established. We compare performance of the two approaches identifying circumstances in which each is preferred.