Invariant distribution of duplicated diffusions and application to Richardson-Romberg extrapolation

TL;DR

This paper investigates the invariant distributions of duplicated ergodic Brownian diffusions, especially when driven by the same Brownian path, and applies these findings to optimize Richardson-Romberg extrapolation for numerical invariant measure approximation.

Contribution

It provides new criteria for weak and pathwise confluence of duplicated diffusions and links these properties to optimal transport, with applications to numerical methods.

Findings

Uniqueness of invariant distribution holds in 1D cases.

Counter-examples show non-uniqueness in multidimensional cases.

Criteria based on Lyapunov exponents for confluence and applications to gradient systems.

Abstract

With a view to numerical applications we address the following question: given an ergodic Brownian diffusion with a unique invariant distribution, what are the invariant distributions of the duplicated system consisting of two trajectories? We mainly focus on the interesting case where the two trajectories are driven by the same Brownian path. Under this assumption, we first show that uniqueness of the invariant distribution (weak confluence) of the duplicated system is essentially always true in the one-dimensional case. In the multidimensional case, we begin by exhibiting explicit counter-examples. Then, we provide a series of weak confluence criterions (of integral type) and also of a.s. pathwise confluence, depending on the drift and diffusion coefficients through a non-infinitesimal Lyapunov exponent. As examples, we apply our criterions to some non-trivially confluent settings such as classes of gradient systems with non-convex potentials or diffusions where the confluence is generated by the diffusive component. We finally establish that the weak confluence property is connected with an optimal transport problem. As a main application, we apply our results to the optimization of the Richardson-Romberg extrapolation for the numerical approximation of the invariant measure of the initial ergodic Brownian diffusion.