Third minima in thorium and uranium isotopes in a self-consistent theory

TL;DR

This study uses self-consistent finite-temperature density functional theory to analyze the potential-energy surfaces of thorium and uranium isotopes, revealing shallow or absent third minima and linking their existence to shell effects and excitation energy.

Contribution

It provides a detailed self-consistent analysis of third minima in thorium and uranium isotopes, clarifying their shallow nature and the influence of shell effects and excitation energy.

Findings

Third minima are shallow or absent in 232Th and 232U.

Deeper third minima occur in isotopes with N=136 and 138.

Shell effects and excitation energy significantly influence third minima formation.

Abstract

Background: Deep third minima have been predicted in some non-self-consistent models to impact fission pathways of thorium and uranium isotopes. These predictions have guided the interpretation of resonances seen experimentally. On the other hand, self-consistent calculations consistently predict very shallow potential-energy surfaces in the third minimum region. Purpose: We investigate the interpretation of third-minimum configurations in terms of dimolecular states. We study the isentropic potential-energy surfaces of selected even-even thorium and uranium isotopes at several excitation energies. In order to understand the driving effects behind the presence of third minima, we study the interplay between pairing and shell effects. Methods: We use the finite-temperature superfluid nuclear density functional theory. We consider a traditional functional, SkM*, and a recent functional, UNEDF1, optimized for fission studies. Results: We predict very shallow or no third minima in the potential-energy surfaces of 232Th and 232U. In Th and U isotopes with N=136 and 138, the third minima are deeper. We show that the reflection-asymmetric configurations around the third minimum can be associated with dimolecular states involving the spherical doubly magic 132Sn and a lighter deformed Zr or Mo fragment. The potential-energy surfaces for 228,232Th and 232U at several excitation energies are presented. Conclusions: We show that the neutron shell effect that governs the existence of the dimolecular states around the third minimum is consistent with the spherical-to-deformed shape transition in the Zr and Mo isotopes around N=58. We demonstrate that the thermal reduction of pairing and enhancement of shell effects at small excitation energies help to develop deeper third minima. At large excitation energies, shell effects are washed out and third minima disappear altogether.