Impact Dynamics of Oxidized Liquid Metal Drops

TL;DR

This study investigates how the oxide layer on liquid metal drops influences their impact dynamics, revealing different regimes and scaling laws that depend on oxidation state and impact velocity.

Contribution

It systematically analyzes the impact behavior of oxidized eutectic gallium-indium drops, introducing an effective Weber number to account for oxide-induced yield stress effects.

Findings

Oxide layer causes recoil and rebound at low impact velocities.

Spreading behavior can be scaled with an effective Weber number.

Transition from capillary to viscous regime at a critical impact number.

Abstract

With exposure to air, many liquid metals spontaneously generate an oxide layer on their surface. In oscillatory rheological tests, this skin is found to introduce a yield stress that typically dominates the elastic response but can be tuned by exposing the metal to hydrochloric acid solutions of different concentration. We systematically studied the normal impact of eutectic gallium-indium (eGaIn) drops under different oxidation conditions and show how this leads to two different dynamical regimes. At low impact velocity (or low Weber number), eGaIn droplets display strong recoil and rebound from the impacted surface when the oxide layer is removed. In addition, the degree of drop deformation or spreading during the impact is controlled by the oxide skin. We show that the scaling law known from ordinary liquids for the maximum spreading radius as a function of impact velocity can still be applied to the case of oxidized eGaIn if an effective Weber number $We^{\star}$ is employed that uses an effective surface tension factoring in the yield stress. In contrast, no influence on spreading from different oxidations conditions is observed for high impact velocity. This suggests that the initial kinetic energy is mostly damped by bulk viscous dissipation. Results from both regimes can be collapsed in an impact phase diagram controlled by two variables, the maximum spreading factor $P_m = R_0/R_m$, given by the ratio of initial to maximum drop radius, and the impact number $K = We^{\star}/Re^{4/5}$, which scales with the effective Weber number $We^{\star}$ as well as the Reynolds number $Re$. The data exhibit a transition from capillary to viscous behavior at a critical impact number $K_c \sim 0.1$.