Testing the existence of regions of stable orbits at small radii around black hole candidates

TL;DR

This paper explores the possibility of stable small-radius orbit regions around exotic compact objects, proposing observational signatures in gravitational waveforms that could distinguish them from Kerr black holes.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of non-Kerr spacetimes with multiple non-plunging regions and suggests their potential observational signatures in gravitational wave data.

Findings

Existence of multiple disconnected non-plunging regions around Manko-Novikov objects.

Potential gravitational wave signatures include combined chirp and burst signals.

Numerical geodesic calculations support the trapping of particles in small-radius regions.

Abstract

Black hole candidates in X-ray binary systems and at the centers of galaxies are expected to be the Kerr black holes of General Relativity, but the actual nature of these objects has yet to be verified. In this paper, we consider the possibility that they are exotic compact objects and we describe their exterior gravitational field with a subclass of the Manko-Novikov metrics, which are exact solutions of the vacuum Einstein's equations and can describe the spacetime geometry around bodies with arbitrary mass-multipole moments. We point out that around a Manko-Novikov object there may exist many disconnected non-plunging regions at small radii, with no counterpart in the Kerr background, and that their existence may be tested. For instance, in the presence of an accretion disk, they may be filled by the accreting gas, forming a ring structure that might remind the rings of Saturn. We suggest that the existence of these regions may have a clear observational signature in the waveform of the gravitational radiation emitted by an EMRI: in the last stage of the inspiral, the waveform would be the combination of "regular chirps", produced when the small object orbits in one of the non-plunging regions, and "bursts", released when the small object jumps from a non-plunging region to another one at smaller radii. Our conclusions are supported by some numerical calculations of trajectories in the geodesic approximation, in which a particle plunges from the ISCO and then seems to get trapped in the potential well at smaller radii.