A Concept for A Dark Matter Detector Using Liquid Helium-4

TL;DR

This paper explores using liquid Helium-4 as a target for detecting light dark matter particles, leveraging its favorable properties and signal detection techniques to improve background rejection and sensitivity.

Contribution

It introduces a novel liquid helium-based detector concept optimized for light dark matter detection, including simulation results and signal amplification methods.

Findings

High background rejection achievable through signal channel ratios

Effective charge extraction and amplification methods demonstrated

Sensitivity estimates show promise for detecting light dark matter

Abstract

Direct searches for light dark matter particles (mass $<10$ GeV) are especially challenging because of the low energies transferred in elastic scattering to typical heavy nuclear targets. We investigate the possibility of using liquid Helium-4 as a target material, taking advantage of the favorable kinematic matching of the Helium nucleus to light dark matter particles. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to calculate the charge, scintillation, and triplet helium molecule signals produced by recoil He ions, for a variety of energies and electric fields. We show that excellent background rejection can be achieved based on the ratios between different signal channels. We also present some concepts for a liquid-helium-based dark matter detector. Key to the proposed approach is the use of a large electric field to extract electrons from the event site, and the amplification of this charge signal, through proportional scintillation, liquid electroluminescence, or roton emission. The sensitivity of the proposed detector to light dark matter particles is estimated for various electric fields and light collection efficiencies.