Discovering young stars in the Gum 31 region with infrared observations

TL;DR

This study characterizes the young stellar population in Gum 31 using infrared data, revealing evidence of triggered star formation mechanisms and estimating a total of around 5000 young stars in the region.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of young stellar objects in Gum 31, combining multi-wavelength data to identify candidates and investigate star formation processes.

Findings

661 candidate YSOs identified from WISE data

91 protostar candidates detected by Herschel

Evidence of triggered star formation mechanisms

Abstract

Context. The Gum 31 bubble containing the stellar cluster NGC 3324 is a poorly-studied young region close to the Carina Nebula. Aims. We are aiming to characterise the young stellar and protostellar population in and around Gum 31 and to investigate the star-formation process in this region. Methods. We identify candidate young stellar objects from Spitzer, WISE, and Herschel data. Combining these, we analyse the spectral energy distributions of the candidate young stellar objects. With density and temperature maps obtained from Herschel data and comparisons to a 'collect and collapse' scenario for the region we are able to further constrain the characteristics of the region as a whole. Results. 661 candidate young stellar objects are found from WISE data, 91 protostar candidates are detected through Herschel observations in a 1.0 deg x 1.1 deg area. Most of these objects are found in small clusters or are well aligned with the H II bubble. We also identify the sources of Herbig-Haro jets. The infrared morphology of the region suggests that it is part of the larger Carina Nebula complex. Conclusions. The location of the candidate young stellar objects in the rim of the H II bubble is suggestive of their being triggered by a 'collect and collapse' scenario, which agrees well with the observed parameters of the region. Some candidate young stellar objects are found in the heads of pillars, which points towards radiative triggering of star formation. Thus, we find evidence that in the region different mechanisms of triggered star formation are at work. Correcting the number of candidate young stellar objects for contamination we find ~ 600 young stellar objects in Gum 31 above our completeness limit of about 1 M_sol. Extrapolating the intital mass function down to 0.1 M_sol, we estimate a total population of ~ 5000 young stars for the region.