Network Observability Transitions

TL;DR

This paper introduces the concept of network observability transitions, analyzing how network structure affects the ability to monitor complex systems, with implications for smart grids and other networks.

Contribution

It analytically characterizes the network observability transition in the configuration model and explores the dual role of community structure in measurement placement and vulnerability.

Findings

Identifies a new percolation transition related to network observability

Shows community structure aids measurement placement but increases vulnerability

Provides analytical solutions for the observability transition in model networks

Abstract

In the modeling, monitoring, and control of complex networks, a fundamental problem concerns the comprehensive determination of the state of the system from limited measurements. Using power grids as example networks, we show that this problem leads to a new type of percolation transition, here termed a {\it network observability transition}, which we solve analytically for the configuration model. We also demonstrate a dual role of the network's community structure, which both facilitates optimal measurement placement and renders the networks substantially more sensitive to `observability attacks'. Aside from their immediate implications for the development of smart grids, these results provide insights into decentralized biological, social, and technological networks.