Planetary nebulae and HII regions in the spiral galaxy NGC 300. Clues on the evolution of abundance gradients and on AGB nucleosynthesis

TL;DR

This study analyzes planetary nebulae and HII regions in NGC 300 to understand their chemical abundances, revealing differences in gradients and suggesting stellar rotation influences nucleosynthesis and galaxy evolution.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of nebular abundances in NGC 300, highlighting the impact of stellar processes on chemical gradients and proposing a steepening of the galaxy's metallicity gradient over the last billion years.

Findings

PNe show higher N/O ratios than HII regions.

Oxygen abundance in PNe suggests nucleosynthesis effects beyond initial composition.

Metallicity gradient appears to steepen in the last Gyr.

Abstract

We have obtained deep spectra of 26 planetary nebulae (PNe) and 9 compact HII regions in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 300, and analyzed them together with those of the giant HII regions previously observed. We have determined the physical properties of all these objects and their He, N, O, Ne, S and Ar abundances in a consistent way. We find that, globally, compact HII regions have abundance ratios similar to those of giant HII regions, while PNe have systematically larger N/O ratios and similar Ne/O and Ar/O ratios. We demonstrate that the nitrogen enhancement in PNe cannot be only due to second dredge-up in the progenitor stars, since their initial masses are around 2--2.5\,\msun. An extra mixing process is required, perhaps driven by stellar rotation. Concerning the radial abundance distribution, PNe behave differently from HII regions: in the central part of the galaxy their average O/H abundance ratio is 0.15 dex smaller. Their abundance dispersion at any galactocentric radius is significantly larger than that shown by HII regions and many of them have O/H values higher than HII regions at the same galactocentric distance. This suggests that not only nitrogen, but also oxygen is affected by nucleosynthesis in the PN progenitors, by an amount which depends at least on the stellar rotation velocity and possibly other parameters. The formal O/H, Ne/H and Ar/He abundance gradients from PNe are significantly shallower that from HII regions. We argue that this indicates a steepening of the metallicity gradient in NGC 300 during the last Gyr, rather than an effect of radial stellar motions, although the large observed dispersion makes this conclusion only tentative.