Delocalization and superfluidity of ultracold bosonic atoms in a ring lattice

TL;DR

This paper investigates the properties of ultracold bosonic atoms in a small, rotating, ring-shaped lattice without assuming tight-binding, revealing how superfluidity and delocalization evolve across the Mott insulator to superfluid transition.

Contribution

It provides a finite-size, exact diagonalization analysis of bosonic atoms in a ring lattice, extending phase diagram understanding without tight-binding approximation.

Findings

Superfluid fractions remain small near the Mott transition.

Superfluidity saturates at unity when the lattice is smooth.

Ground state properties are linked to one-body currents and coherence.

Abstract

Properties of bosonic atoms in small systems with a periodic quasi one-dimensional circular toroidal lattice potential subjected to rotation are examined by performing exact diagonalization in a truncated many body space. The expansion of the many-body Hamiltonian is considered in terms of the first band Bloch functions, and no assumption regarding restriction to nearest-neighbor hopping (tight-binding approximation) is involved. A finite size version of the zero temperature phase diagrams of Fisher et al. \cite{Fisher} is obtained and the results, in remarkable quantitative correspondence with the results available for larger systems, discussed. Ground state properties relating to superfluidity are examined in the context of two-fluid phenomenology. The basic tool, consisting of the intrinsic inertia associated with small rotation angular velocities in the lab frame, is used to obtain ground state `superfluid fractions' numerically. They are analytically associated with one-body, uniform solenoidal currents in the case of the adopted geometry. These currents are in general incoherent superpositions of contributions from each eigenstate of the associated reduced one-body densities, with the corresponding occupation numbers as weights. Full coherence occurs therefore only when only one eigenstate is occupied by all bosons. The obtained numerical values for the superfluid fractions remain small throughout the parameter region corresponding to the `Mott insulator to superfluid' transition, and saturate at unity only as the lattice is completely smoothed out.