Exploring the non-linear density field in the Millennium simulations with tessellations - I. The probability distribution function

TL;DR

This paper uses the DTFE method to analyze the one-point density distribution in Millennium simulations, revealing how halo substructure and simulation parameters influence the density PDF, and modeling it with NFW halos.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of the density PDF using DTFE and models the distribution with NFW halos, highlighting the effects of substructure and simulation resolution.

Findings

Substructure causes excess in high-density tail, increasing with halo mass.

Gravitational softening and resolution significantly affect the high-density PDF.

Superposition of NFW halos approximates the collapsed halo contribution to the PDF.

Abstract

We use the Delaunay Tessellation Field Estimator (DTFE) to study the one-point density distribution functions of the Millennium (MS) and Millennium-II (MS-II) simulations. The DTFE technique is based directly on the particle positions, without requiring any type of smoothing or analysis grid, thereby providing high sensitivity to all non-linear structures resolved by the simulations. In order to identify the detailed origin of the shape of the one-point density probability distribution function (PDF), we decompose the simulation particles according to the mass of their host FoF halos, and examine the contributions of different halo mass ranges to the global density PDF. We model the one-point distribution of the FoF halos in each halo mass bin with a set of Monte Carlo realizations of idealized NFW dark matter halos, finding that this reproduces the measurements from the N-body simulations reasonably well, except for a small excess present in simulation results. This excess increases with increasing halo mass. We show that its origin lies in substructure, which becomes progressively more abundant and better resolved in more massive dark matter halos. We demonstrate that the high density tail of the one-point distribution function in less massive halos is severely affected by the gravitational softening length and the mass resolution. In particular, we find these two parameters to be more important for an accurate measurement of the density PDF than the simulated volume. Combining our results from individual halo mass bins we find that the part of the one-point density PDF originating from collapsed halos can nevertheless be quite well described by a simple superposition of a set of NFW halos with the expected cosmological abundance over the resolved mass range. The transition region to the low-density unbound material is however not well captured by such an analytic halo model.