Why does air passage over forest yield more rain? Examining the coupling between rainfall, pressure and atmospheric moisture content

TL;DR

This paper investigates how forest cover influences regional rainfall, emphasizing the coupling between atmospheric moisture, pressure, and circulation, and challenges previous assumptions about evapotranspiration's sole role in rainfall generation.

Contribution

It critically examines prior studies linking forest cover to rainfall, highlighting methodological issues and proposing that circulation dynamics also significantly influence rainfall patterns.

Findings

Rainy days with high water vapor tend to have higher pressure.

Lower water vapor days show rainy days with lower pressure.

Forest loss impacts both moisture recycling and atmospheric circulation.

Abstract

The influence of forest loss on rainfall remains poorly understood. Addressing this challenge Spracklen et al. recently presented a pan-tropical study of rainfall and land-cover that showed that satellite-derived rainfall measures were positively correlated with the degree to which model-derived air trajectories had been exposed to forest cover. This result confirms the influence of vegetation on regional rainfall patterns suggested in previous studies. However, we find that the conclusion of Spracklen et al. -- that differences in rainfall reflect air moisture content resulting from evapotranspiration while the circulation pattern remains unchanged -- appears undermined by methodological inconsistencies. We identify methodological problems with the underlying analyses and the quantitative estimates for rainfall change predicted if forest cover is lost in the Amazon. We discuss some alternative explanations that include the distinct role of forest evapotranspiration in creating low pressure systems that draw moisture from the oceans to the continental hinterland. Our analysis of meteorological data from three regions in Brazil, including the central Amazon forest, reveal a tendency for rainy days during the wet season with column water vapor (CWV) exceeding 50 mm to have higher pressure than rainless days; while at lower CWV rainy days tend to have lower pressure than rainless days. The coupling between atmospheric moisture content and circulation dynamics underlines that the danger posed by forest loss is greater than suggested by focusing only on moisture recycling alone.