Confronting predictions of the galaxy stellar mass function with observations at high-redshift

TL;DR

This study compares high-redshift galaxy stellar mass functions from cosmological simulations with observations, highlighting the importance of evolving mass-to-light ratios and revealing good agreement at z=6 but overpredictions at z=5 for low-mass galaxies.

Contribution

It demonstrates the significance of using evolving UV luminosity to stellar mass relations in simulations for accurate high-redshift galaxy mass function predictions.

Findings

Simulation predictions agree with observations at z=6 for all masses.

Discrepancies at z=5 for low-mass galaxies suggest feedback may be underestimated.

Evolving mass-to-light ratios are crucial for accurate comparisons.

Abstract

We investigate the evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function at high-redshift ($z\ge 5$) using a pair of large cosmological hydrodynamical simulations: {\em MassiveBlack} and {\em MassiveBlack-II}. By combining these simulations we can study the properties of galaxies with stellar masses greater than $10^{8}\,{\rm M_{\odot}}\,h^{-1}$ and (co-moving) number densities of $\log_{10}(\phi\, [{\rm Mpc^{-3}\,dex^{-1}}\,h^{3}])>-8$. Observational determinations of the galaxy stellar mass function at very-high redshift typically assume a relation between the observed UV luminosity and stellar mass-to-light ratio which is applied to high-redshift samples in order to estimate stellar masses. This relation can also be measured from the simulations. We do this, finding two significant differences with the usual observational assumption: it evolves strongly with redshift and has a different shape. Using this relation to make a consistent comparison between galaxy stellar mass functions we find that at $z=6$ and above the simulation predictions are in good agreement with observed data over the whole mass range. Without using the correct UV luminosity and stellar mass-to-light ratio, the discrepancy would be up to two orders of magnitude for large galaxies $>10^{10}\,{\rm M_{\odot}}\,h^{-1}$. At $z=5$, however the stellar mass function for low mass $<10^{9}\,{\rm M_{\odot}}\,h^{-1}$ galaxies is overpredicted by factors of a few, consistent with the behaviour of the UV luminosity function, and perhaps a sign that feedback in the simulation is not efficient enough for these galaxies.