From Planetesimals to Dust: Low Gravity Experiments on Recycling Solids at the Inner Edge of Protoplanetary Disks

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that light-induced erosion of dusty bodies in protoplanetary disks is gravity-dependent and acts as an efficient recycling mechanism, influencing dust transport and planetesimal formation.

Contribution

The paper provides experimental evidence and a model showing how light-induced erosion affects dust dynamics at the inner edges of protoplanetary disks.

Findings

Light-induced erosion is strongly gravity dependent.

Erosion can prevent large bodies from migrating inward.

Produced dust can be transported outward and participate in planetesimal growth.

Abstract

Transporting solids of different sizes is an essential process in the evolution of protoplanetary disks and planet formation. Large solids are supposed to drift inward; high-temperature minerals found in comets are assumed to have been transported outward. From low-gravity experiments on parabolic flights we studied the light-induced erosion of dusty bodies caused by a solid-state greenhouse effect and photophoresis within a dust bed's upper layers. The gravity levels studied were 0.16g, 0.38g, 1g, and 1.7g. The light flux during the experiments was 12 +/- 2 kW/m^2 and the ambient pressure was 6 +/- 0.9 mbar. Light-induced erosion is strongly gravity dependent, which is in agreement with a developed model. In particular for small dusty bodies ((sub)-planetesimals), efficient erosion is possible at the optically thin inner edges of protoplanetary disks. Light-induced erosion prevents significant parts of a larger body from moving too close to the host star and be being subsequently accreted. The small dust produced continues to be subject to photophoresis and is partially transported upward and outward over the surface of the disk; the resulting small dust particles observed over the disk's lifetime. The fraction of eroded dust participates in subsequent cycles of growth during planetesimal formation. Another fraction of dust might be collected by a body of planetary size if this body is already present close to the disk edge. Either way, light induced erosion is an efficient recycling process in protoplanetary disks.