Vacuum quantum fluctuation energy in expanding universe and dark energy

TL;DR

This paper models the universe's evolution using a Planckon vacuum framework, deriving dark energy, inflationary conditions, and cyclic expansion-shrinkage behavior through solutions to Einstein-Friedmann equations.

Contribution

It introduces a novel vacuum model based on Planckons to explain dark energy, inflation, and cyclic universe dynamics with quantitative results.

Findings

Dark energy density is about 10^-122 of vacuum energy.

Universe's radiation energy density at inflation matches GUT temperature.

Cosmons created during expansion contribute significantly to universe energy.

Abstract

This article is based on the Planckon densely piled vacuum model and the principle of cosmology. With the Planck era as initial conditions and including the early inflation, we have solved the Einstein-Friedmann equations to describe the evolution of the universe. The results are: 1) the ratio of the dark energy density to the vacuum quantum fluctuation energy density is $\frac{{{\rho }_{de}}}{{{\rho }_{vac}}}\sim{{(\frac{{{t}_{P}}}{{{T}_{0}}})}^{2}}\sim{{10}^{-122}} $; 2) at the inflation time ${{t}_{\inf }}={{10}^{-35}}s$, the calculated universe radiation energy density is $\rho ({{t}_{\inf }})\sim{{10}^{-16}}{{\rho }_{vac}}$ and the corresponding temperature is ${{E}_{c}}\sim{{10}^{15}}GeV$ consistent with the GUT phase transition temperature; 3) the expanding universe with vacuum as its environment is a non-equilibrium open system constantly exchanging energy with vacuum; during its expansion, the Planckons in the universe lose quantum fluctuation energy and create the cosmic expansion quanta-cosmons, the energy of cosmons is the lost part of the vacuum quantum fluctuation energy and contributes to the universe energy with the calculated value ${{E}_{\cos mos}}={{10}^{22}}{{M}_{\otimes }}{{c}^{2}}$ (where ${{M}_{\otimes }}$ is solar mass); 4) the total energy of the universe, namely the negative gravity energy plus the positive universe energy is zero; 5) the negative gravity potential and the gravity acceleration related to the creation of cosmons are derived with the nature of outward repulsive force, indicating that the cosmon may be the candidate of the dark energy quantum; 6) both the initial Planck era solution and the infinite asymptotic solution of the Einstein-Friedman equations are unstable: the former tends to expand and the latter tends to shrink, so that the Einstein-Friedman universe will undergo a cyclic evolution of successive expansion and shrinking.