Non--local radiative transfer in strongly inverted masers

TL;DR

This paper introduces a numerical method for self-consistently modeling non-local radiative transfer in strongly inverted masers, improving accuracy in predicting maser line intensities and opacities in astrophysical media.

Contribution

The authors develop an advanced numerical approach extending the Short Characteristics method to accurately solve radiative transfer in intense maser lines, with applications to H2O masers.

Findings

Large differences in maser line intensities at high opacities.

Thermal line intensities are only modestly affected by the new method.

Masing nature is unaffected by different collisional rate coefficients.

Abstract

Maser transitions are commonly observed in media exhibiting a large range of densities and temperatures. They can be used to obtain information on the dynamics and physical conditions of the observed regions. In order to obtain reliable constraints on the physical conditions prevailing in the masing regions, it is necessary to model the excitation mechanisms of the energy levels of the observed molecules. We present a numerical method that enables us to obtain self-consistent solutions for both the statistical equilibrium and radiative transfer equations. Using the standard maser theory, the method of Short Characteristics is extended to obtain the solution of the integro-differential radiative transfer equation, appropriate to the case of intense masing lines. We have applied our method to the maser lines of the H2O molecule and we compare with the results obtained with a less accurate approach. In the regime of large maser opacities we find large differences in the intensity of the maser lines that could be as high as several orders of magnitude. The comparison between the two methods shows, however, that the effect on the thermal lines is modest. Finally, the effect introduced by rate coefficients on the prediction of H2O masing lines and opacities is discussed, making use of various sets of rate coefficients involving He, o-H2 and p-H2. We find that the masing nature of a line is not affected by the selected collisional rates. However, from one set to the other the modelled line opacities and intensities can vary by up to a factor ~2 and ~10 respectively.