Development of Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors for NIKA

TL;DR

This paper reports on the development and testing of lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) for astronomical applications, demonstrating optimized designs, fabrication, and successful deployment at the IRAM 30-meter telescope with promising sensitivity results.

Contribution

The paper introduces optimized LEKID designs for 30-meter telescope use, including fabrication and testing of a 144-pixel array with improved sensitivity and new geometries for dual polarization detection.

Findings

Achieved an average optical NEP of ~2E-16 W/Hz^1/2 with best pixels at 6E-17 W/Hz^1/2.

Successfully tested LEKID prototypes at the IRAM 30 m telescope in 2010.

Presented a new LEKID geometry for dual polarization detection.

Abstract

Lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors(LEKIDs) have recently shown considerable promise as direct absorption mm-wavelength detectors for astronomical applications. One major research thrust within the N\'eel Iram Kids Array (NIKA) collaboration has been to investigate the suitability of these detectors for deployment at the 30-meter IRAM telescope located on Pico Veleta in Spain. Compared to microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKID), using quarter wavelength resonators, the resonant circuit of a LEKID consists of a discrete inductance and capacitance coupled to a feedline. A high and constant current density distribution in the inductive part of these resonators makes them very sensitive. Due to only one metal layer on a silicon substrate, the fabrication is relatively easy. In order to optimize the LEKIDs for this application, we have recently probed a wide variety of individual resonator and array parameters through simulation and physical testing. This included determining the optimal feed-line coupling, pixel geometry, resonator distribution within an array (in order to minimize pixel cross-talk), and resonator frequency spacing. Based on these results, a 144-pixel Aluminum array was fabricated and tested in a dilution fridge with optical access, yielding an average optical NEP of ~2E-16 W/Hz^1/2 (best pixels showed NEP = 6E-17 W/Hz^1/2 under 4-8 pW loading per pixel). In October 2010 the second prototype of LEKIDs has been tested at the IRAM 30 m telescope. A new LEKID geometry for 2 polarizations will be presented. Also first optical measurements of a titanium nitride array will be discussed.