The VIRUS-P Exploration of Nearby Galaxies (VENGA): The Xco Gradient in NGC 628

TL;DR

This study measures the radial variation of the CO-to-H2 conversion factor in NGC 628, revealing a significant gradient influenced by metallicity and local conditions, with implications for molecular gas mass estimates.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed measurement of Xco gradient in NGC 628, accounting for systematic uncertainties and linking the gradient to environmental factors like metallicity and gas density.

Findings

Xco decreases by a factor of 2 from 7 kpc to the galaxy center

The Xco gradient is approximately 0.06 dex per kpc

Environmental factors significantly influence Xco variations

Abstract

We measure the radial profile of the 12CO(1-0) to H_2 conversion factor (Xco) in NGC 628. The H\alpha emission from the VENGA integral field spectroscopy is used to map the star formation rate surface density (\Sigma_{SFR}). We estimate the molecular gas surface density (\Sigma_{H2}) from \Sigma_{SFR} by inverting the molecular star formation law (SFL), and compare it to the CO intensity to measure Xco. We study the impact of systematic uncertainties by changing the slope of the SFL, using different SFR tracers (H\alpha vs. far-UV plus 24\mu m), and CO maps from different telescopes (single-dish and interferometers). The observed Xco profile is robust against these systematics, drops by a factor of 2 from R~7 kpc to the center of the galaxy, and is well fit by a gradient \Delta log(Xco)=0.06\pm0.02 dex kpc^-1. We study how changes in Xco follow changes in metallicity, gas density, and ionization parameter. Theoretical models show that the gradient in Xco can be explained by a combination of decreasing metallicity, and decreasing \Sigma_{H2} with radius. Photoelectric heating from the local UV radiation field appears to contribute to the decrease of Xco in higher density regions. Our results show that galactic environment plays an important role at setting the physical conditions in star forming regions, in particular the chemistry of carbon in molecular complexes, and the radiative transfer of CO emission. We caution against adopting a single Xco value when large changes in gas surface density or metallicity are present.