Integer and fractional charge Lorentzian voltage pulses analyzed in the frame of Photon-assisted Shot Noise

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the energy and time-domain properties of Lorentzian voltage pulses in quantum conductors, revealing minimal excitations at integer charge and providing insights into shot noise and electron wavepacket correlations.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed shot noise analysis of Lorentzian voltage pulses, highlighting their unique minimal excitation properties and asymmetrical energy spectrum, with experimental relevance.

Findings

Integer charge Lorentzian pulses minimize shot noise.

Lorentzian pulses exhibit an asymmetrical energy spectrum.

Time-domain correlations reveal electron antibunching for integer pulses.

Abstract

The periodic injection $n$ of electrons in a quantum conductor using periodic voltage pulses applied on a contact is studied in the energy and time-domain using shot noise computation in order to make comparison with experiments. We particularly consider the case of periodic Lorentzian voltage pulses. When carrying integer charge, they are known to provide electronic states with a minimal number of excitations, while other type of pulses are all accompanied by an extra neutral cloud of electron and hole excitations. This paper focuses on the low frequency shot noise which arises when the pulse excitations are partitioned by a single scatterer in the framework of the Photo Assisted Shot Noise (PASN) theory. As a unique tool to count the number of excitations carried per pulse, shot noise reveals that pulses of arbitrary shape and arbitrary charge show a marked minimum when the charge is integer. Shot noise spectroscopy is also considered to perform energy-domain characterization of the charge pulses. In particular it reveals the striking asymmetrical spectrum of Lorentzian pulses. Finally, time-domain information is obtained from Hong Ou Mandel like noise correlations when two trains of pulses generated on opposite contacts collide on the scatterer. As a function of the time delay between pulse trains, the noise is shown to measure the electron wavepacket autocorrelation function for integer Lorentzian thanks to electron antibunching. In order to make contact with recent experiments all the calculations are made at zero and finite temperature.