Energy dissipation and error probability in fault-tolerant binary switching

TL;DR

This paper introduces a fault-tolerant binary switching strategy that uses a time-modulated barrier without requiring precise timing, enabling low-energy switching even in the presence of thermal noise.

Contribution

The authors propose a novel switching method that combines time modulation with no need for timing synchronization, reducing energy dissipation and fault susceptibility.

Findings

Fault-tolerant switching without timing synchronization

Energy dissipation can be arbitrarily small in adiabatic switching

Minimum energy dissipation with thermal noise is 2kTln(1/p)

Abstract

The potential energy profile of a binary switch is a symmetric double well. Switching between the wells without energy dissipation requires time-modulating the potential barrier separating them and tilting the profile towards the desired well at the precise juncture when the barrier disappears. This demands perfect timing synchronization and is therefore fault-intolerant, even in the absence of noise. A fault-tolerant strategy that requires no time modulation of the barrier (and hence no timing synchronization) switches by tilting the profile by an amount at least equal to the barrier height and dissipates at least that amount of energy. Here, we present a third strategy that requires a time modulated barrier but no timing synchronization. It is therefore fault-tolerant in the absence of thermal noise and yet it dissipates arbitrarily small energy since an arbitrarily small tilt is required for slow and adiabatic switching. This case is exemplified with stress induced switching of a shape-anisotropic single-domain nanomagnet dipole coupled to a neighbor. We also show by examining various energy profiles and the corresponding probability distributions that when thermal noise is present, the minimum energy dissipated to switch in this scheme is 2kTln(1/p) [p = switching error probability].