Quantum Field as a quantum cellular automaton: the Dirac free evolution in one dimension

TL;DR

This paper introduces a one-dimensional quantum cellular automaton model that reproduces the Dirac equation's dynamics, providing a discrete and causal framework for quantum field evolution grounded in quantum information principles.

Contribution

It presents a novel automaton model that emergently reproduces Dirac dynamics, with rigorous discrimination bounds and efficient simulation methods, bridging quantum information and quantum field theory.

Findings

Automaton cannot be discriminated from Dirac evolution within experimental regimes.

One-particle states with narrow momentum bands can be efficiently simulated.

The model offers a discrete, causal, and probabilistic foundation for quantum field dynamics.

Abstract

We present a quantum cellular automaton model in one space-dimension which has the Dirac equation as emergent. This model, a discrete-time and causal unitary evolution of a lattice of quantum systems, is derived from the assumptions of homogeneity, parity and time-reversal invariance. The comparison between the automaton and the Dirac evolutions is rigorously set as a discrimination problem between unitary channels. We derive an exact lower bound for the probability of error in the discrimination as an explicit function of the mass, the number and the momentum of the particles, and the duration of the evolution. Computing this bound with experimentally achievable values, we see that in that regime the QCA model cannot be discriminated from the usual Dirac evolution. Finally, we show that the evolution of one-particle states with narrow-band in momentum can be effi- ciently simulated by a dispersive differential equation for any regime. This analysis allows for a comparison with the dynamics of wave-packets as it is described by the usual Dirac equation. This paper is a first step in exploring the idea that quantum field theory could be grounded on a more fundamental quantum cellular automaton model and that physical dynamics could emerge from quantum information processing. In this framework, the discretization is a central ingredient and not only a tool for performing non-perturbative calculation as in lattice gauge theory. The automaton model, endowed with a precise notion of local observables and a full probabilistic interpretation, could lead to a coherent unification of an hypothetical discrete Planck scale with the usual Fermi scale of high-energy physics.