Realizable receivers for discriminating arbitrary coherent-state waveforms and multi-copy quantum states near the quantum limit

TL;DR

This paper introduces the Sequential Waveform Nulling (SWN) receiver that achieves the quantum limit for discriminating arbitrary coherent-state waveforms, and the Sequential Testing (ST) receiver for multi-copy quantum states, both outperforming traditional methods.

Contribution

It presents a practical receiver design that attains the quantum Chernoff limit for coherent states and extends the approach to multi-copy quantum state discrimination using LOCC.

Findings

SWN receiver achieves the quantum limit on error probability exponent.

SWN outperforms heterodyne detection by a factor of four.

ST receiver attains the quantum Chernoff exponent with LOCC operations.

Abstract

Coherent states of light, and methods for distinguishing between them, are central to all applications of laser light. We obtain the ultimate quantum limit on the error probability exponent for discriminating among any M multimode coherent-state waveforms via the quantum Chernoff exponent in M-ary multi-copy state discrimination. A receiver, i.e., a concrete realization of a quantum measurement, called the Sequential Waveform Nulling (SWN) receiver, is proposed for discriminating an arbitrary coherent-state ensemble using only auxiliary coherent-state fields, beam splitters, and non-number-resolving single photon detectors. An explicit error probability analysis of the SWN receiver is used to show that it achieves the quantum limit on the error probability exponent, which is shown to be a factor of four greater than the error probability exponent of an ideal heterodyne-detection receiver on the same ensemble. We generalize the philosophy of the SWN receiver, which is itself adapted from some existing coherent-state receivers, and propose a receiver -- the Sequential Testing (ST) receiver-- for discriminating n copies of M pure quantum states from an arbitrary Hilbert space. The ST receiver is shown to achieve the quantum Chernoff exponent in the limit of a large number of copies, and is remarkable in requiring only local operations and classical communication (LOCC) to do so. In particular, it performs adaptive copy-by-copy binary projective measurements. Apart from being of fundamental interest, these results are relevant to communication, sensing, and imaging systems that use laser light and to photonic implementations of quantum information processing protocols in general.