The mid-infrared environments of 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers from the Methanol Multi-Beam Survey

TL;DR

This study investigates the mid-infrared environments of 6.7 GHz methanol masers from the MMB Survey, revealing their association with star formation regions and introducing an improved flux measurement technique.

Contribution

The paper introduces an adaptive non-circular aperture photometry method to better determine fluxes of maser counterparts, expanding the dataset for star formation analysis.

Findings

Majority of masers have mid-infrared counterparts, but 17% lack detectable emission.

The new ANCAP technique doubles flux data coverage for maser counterparts.

Most masers are associated with star formation tracers, but many are newly identified regions.

Abstract

We present a study of the mid-infrared environments and association with star formation tracers of 6.7 GHz methanol masers taken from the Methanol Multi-Beam (MMB) Survey. Our ultimate goal is to establish the mass of the host star and its evolutionary stage for each maser site. As a first step, the GLIMPSE survey of the Galactic Plane is utilised to investigate the environment of 776 methanol masers and we find that while the majority of the masers are associated with mid-infrared counterparts, a significant fraction (17%) are not associated with any detectable mid-infrared emission. A number of the maser counterparts are clearly extended with respect to the GLIMPSE point spread function and we implement an adaptive non-circular aperture photometry (ANCAP) technique to determine the fluxes of the maser counterparts. The ANCAP technique doubles the number of masers with flux information at all four wavelengths compared to the number of the corresponding counterparts obtained from the GLIMPSE Point Source Catalogue. The colours of the maser counterparts are found to be very similar to the smaller study carried out by Ellingsen (2006). The MMB masers are weakly associated with Extended Green Objects (EGOs) and Red MSX Survey (RMS) embedded sources (YSO and HII classifications) with 18% and 12% of masers associated with these objects respectively. The majority of MMB masers (60%) have detectable GLIMPSE infrared counterparts but have not been identified with previously recognised tracers of massive star formation; this confirms that the MMB survey has the potential to identify massive star forming regions independent of infrared selection.