Sequential clustering of star formation in IC 1396

TL;DR

This study investigates the star formation activity in IC 1396 using multi-wavelength data, revealing multiple sub-clusters, their evolutionary stages, and evidence for episodic star formation.

Contribution

It provides a detailed multi-wavelength analysis of IC 1396, identifying sub-clusters and their ages, and suggests a non-continuous, episodic star formation process in the region.

Findings

Identification of four sub-clusters within IC 1396.

Detection of 8 Class I, 15 Class II, and 15 Class III sources.

Evidence of episodic star formation with younger sub-clusters at the bright rims.

Abstract

We present in this paper a comprehensive study of the H II region IC 1396 and its star formation activity, in which multi-wavelength data ranging from the optical to the near- and far-infrared were employed. The surface density distribution of all the 2MASS sources with certain detection toward IC 1396 indicates the existence of a compact cluster spatially consistent with the position of the exciting source of the H II region, HD 206267. The spatial distribution of the infrared excessive emission sources selected based on archived 2MASS data reveals the existence of four sub-clusters in this region. One is in association with the open cluster Trumpler 37. The other three are found to be spatially coincident with the bright rims of the H II region. All the excessive emission sources in the near infrared are cross-identified with the AKARI IRC data, an analysis of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the resultant sample leads to the identification of 8 CLASS I, 15 CLASS II and 15 CLASS III sources in IC 1396. Optical identification of the sample sources with R magnitudes brighter than 17 mag corroborates the results from the SED analysis. Based on the spatial distribution of the infrared young stellar objects at different evolutionary stages, the surrounding sub-clusters located in the bright rims are believed to be younger than the central one. This is consistent with a scenario of sequential star formation in this region. Imaging data of a dark patch in IC 1396 by Herschel SPIRE, on the other hand, indicate the presence of two far-infrared cores in LDN 1111, which are likely new generation protostellar objects in formation. So we infer that the star formation process in this H II region was not continuous but episodic.