The central molecular gas structure in LINERs with low luminosity AGN: evidence for gradual disappearance of the torus

TL;DR

This study investigates the molecular gas structure in low luminosity AGN, revealing a gradual disappearance of the obscuring torus and suggesting LLAGN are in a late evolutionary stage with diminished inflow and star formation.

Contribution

It provides high-resolution observations showing the transition from a thick, obscuring torus to a thinner structure in LLAGN, supporting models of torus evolution.

Findings

Molecular gas forms a rotating thin disk at 50-150 pc scales.

Central 50 pc contains a thick, obscuring gas structure.

LLAGN have smaller, less dense molecular gas regions compared to Seyferts.

Abstract

We present observations of the molecular gas in the nuclear environment of three prototypical low luminosity AGN (LLAGN), based on VLT/SINFONI AO-assisted integral-field spectroscopy of H2 1-0 S(1) emission at angular resolutions of ~0.17". On scales of 50-150 pc the spatial distribution and kinematics of the molecular gas are consistent with a rotating thin disk, where the ratio of rotation (V) to dispersion (sigma) exceeds unity. However, in the central 50 pc, the observations reveal a geometrically and optically thick structure of molecular gas (V/sigma<1 and N_H>10^{23} cm^{-2}) that is likely to be associated with the outer extent of any smaller scale obscuring structure. In contrast to Seyfert galaxies, the molecular gas in LLAGN has a V/sigma<1 over an area that is ~9 times smaller and column densities that are in average ~3 times smaller. We interpret these results as evidence for a gradual disappearance of the nuclear obscuring structure. While a disk wind may not be able to maintain a thick rotating structure at these luminosities, inflow of material into the nuclear region could provide sufficient energy to sustain it. In this context, LLAGN may represent the final phase of accretion in current theories of torus evolution. While the inflow rate is considerable during the Seyfert phase, it is slowly decreasing, and the collisional disk is gradually transitioning to become geometrically thin. Furthermore, the nuclear region of these LLAGN is dominated by intermediate-age/old stellar populations (with little or no on-going star formation), consistent with a late stage of evolution.