Parameters of Two-Prover-One-Round Game and The Hardness of Connectivity Problems

TL;DR

This paper explores the relationship between two-prover-one-round game parameters and the hardness of approximating connectivity problems, providing improved hardness results for several network design and cut problems.

Contribution

It establishes explicit hardness bounds for connectivity problems based on PCP parameters, improving previous results and connecting PCP theory with approximation hardness.

Findings

Improved hardness results for root k-connectivity in directed and undirected graphs.

Enhanced hardness bounds for vertex-connectivity survivable network design.

Stronger inapproximability results for k-route cut problems.

Abstract

Optimizing parameters of Two-Prover-One-Round Game (2P1R) is an important task in PCPs literature as it would imply a smaller PCP with the same or stronger soundness. While this is a basic question in PCPs community, the connection between the parameters of PCPs and hardness of approximations is sometime obscure to approximation algorithm community. In this paper, we investigate the connection between the parameters of 2P1R and the hardness of approximating the class of so-called connectivity problems, which includes as subclasses the survivable network design and (multi)cut problems. Based on recent development on 2P1R by Chan (ECCC 2011) and several techniques in PCPs literature, we improve hardness results of some connectivity problems that are in the form $k^\sigma$, for some (very) small constant $\sigma>0$, to hardness results of the form $k^c$ for some explicit constant $c$, where $k$ is a connectivity parameter. In addition, we show how to convert these hardness into hardness results of the form $D^{c'}$, where $D$ is the number of demand pairs (or the number of terminals). Thus, we give improved hardness results of k^{1/2-\epsilon} and k^{1/10-\epsilon} for the root $k$-connectivity problem on directed and undirected graphs, k^{1/6-\epsilon} for the vertex-connectivity survivable network design problem on undirected graphs, and k^{1/6-\epsilon} for the vertex-connectivity $k$-route cut problem on undirected graphs.