Extra dimensions, black holes and fireballs at the LHC

TL;DR

This paper explores black hole formation in high-energy collisions within theories with extra dimensions, analyzing conditions for black hole creation at the LHC and implications for quark-gluon plasma formation, connecting gravity and QCD phenomena.

Contribution

It extends the analysis of black hole formation to include extra dimensions and AdS backgrounds, linking gravitational models with heavy ion collision phenomenology and QGP formation.

Findings

Black holes unlikely at LHC without extra dimensions.

Extra dimensions enable black hole formation at TeV energies.

Heavy ion collision models align with QGP formation only at high energies.

Abstract

The collision of two gravitationally interacting, ultra-relativistic, extended sources is being examined. This investigation classifies the transverse distributions that are collided for fixed collision energy, according to whether one or two (a small and a large) apparent horizons may or may not be formed in a flat background in 4 dimensions. The study extends to the thermodynamical properties of the objects that are created, which exhibit a universal behavior in their entropy, and, suggests the elimination of the possibility in observing black holes (BHs) at the LHC in the absence of extra dimensions. On the other hand, including extra dimensions, and assuming that the matter is localized (dense) enough in those directions, opens new avenues in creating BHs at energies of the order of TeV. The investigation is carried further to $AdS_5$ backgrounds and makes connections with the implications for the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation in heavy ion collisions. In particular, classes of the geometries found suggest that a BH is formed if and only if the (central collision) energy is sufficiently large compared to the transverse scale of the corresponding gauge theory side stress-tensor. This implies that when the scattering in the gravity description is mapped onto a heavy ion collision problem yields a result, which is in accordance with the current intuition and data: QGP is formed only at high enough energies compared to $\Lambda_{QCD}$, even for central processes. Incorporating weak coupling physics and in particular the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) model, a satisfactory fitting with the RHIC and the LHC data for multiplicities may be established.