Selected problems in astrophysics of compact objects

TL;DR

This paper reviews three key astrophysical problems related to compact stars, including nuclear matter phase diagrams, neutrino emission mechanisms, and axionic cooling effects, highlighting recent theoretical insights and unresolved issues.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of current challenges and recent advances in understanding the physics of compact stars, focusing on nuclear matter, neutrino processes, and exotic particle effects.

Findings

Nuclear matter exhibits complex phase behavior at sub-saturation densities.

Neutrino emission from superfluid phases significantly affects neutron star cooling.

Axionic particles may influence the thermal evolution of compact stars.

Abstract

I review three problems in astrophysics of compacts stars: (i) the phase diagram of warm pair-correlated nuclear matter a sub-saturation densities at finite isospin asymmtery; (ii) the Standard Model neutrino emission from superfluid phases in neutron stars within the Landau theory of Fermi (superfluid) liquids; (iii) the beyond Standard Model physics of axionic cooling of compact stars by the Cooper pair-breaking processes.