Polymer Welding: Strength Through Entanglements

TL;DR

This study uses large-scale simulations to analyze how polymer interfacial strength develops during thermal welding, highlighting the role of entanglements and the change in failure modes.

Contribution

It reveals that interfacial strength saturates before full polymer diffusion and emphasizes the importance of entanglements in achieving bulk-like strength.

Findings

Interfacial strength saturates before polymers diffuse by their radius of gyration.

The failure mode shifts from chain pullout to chain scission as strength increases.

Entanglement density at the interface correlates with strength development.

Abstract

Large-scale simulations of thermal welding of polymers are performed to investigate the rise of mechanical strength at the polymer-polymer interface with the welding time. The welding process is in the core of integrating polymeric elements into devices as well as in thermal induced healing of polymers; processes that require development of interfacial strength equal to that of the bulk. Our simulations show that the interfacial strength saturates at the bulk shear strength much before polymers diffuse by their radius of gyration. Along with the strength increase, the dominant failure mode changes from chain pullout at the interface to chain scission as in the bulk. Formation of sufficient entanglements across the interface, which we track using a Primitive Path Analysis is required to arrest catastrophic chain pullout at the interface. The bulk response is not fully recovered until the density of entanglements at the interface reaches the bulk value. Moreover, the increase of interfacial strength before saturation is proportional to the number of interfacial entanglements between chains from opposite sides.