The mid-infrared extinction law in the darkest cores of the Pipe Nebula

TL;DR

This study measures the mid-infrared extinction law in dense cores of the Pipe Nebula, revealing the presence of large dust grains and suggesting dust properties may be similar across different density regions.

Contribution

It provides new measurements of the mid-infrared extinction law in dense molecular cloud cores, highlighting the presence of large dust grains and challenging existing dust models.

Findings

Mid-infrared extinction law departs from a power-law between 3.6 and 8 microns.

No dependence of extinction law on column density up to 50 magnitudes.

Differences in extinction law between the two cores may relate to star formation onset.

Abstract

Context. The properties of dust grains, in particular their size distribution, are expected to differ from the interstellar medium to the high-density regions within molecular clouds. Aims. We measure the mid-infrared extinction law produced by dense material in molecular cloud cores. Since the extinction at these wavelengths is caused by dust, the extinction law in cores should depart from that found in low-density environments if the dust grains have different properties. Methods. We use the unbiased LINES method to measure the slope of the reddening vectors in color-color diagrams. We derive the mid-infrared extinction law toward the dense cores B59 and FeSt 1-457 in the Pipe Nebula over a range of visual extinction between 10 and 50 magnitudes, using a combination of Spitzer/IRAC, and ESO NTT/VLT data. Results. The mid-infrared extinction law in both cores departs significantly from a power-law between 3.6 and 8 micron, suggesting that these cores contain dust with a considerable fraction of large dust grains. We find no evidence for a dependence of the extinction law with column density up to 50 magnitudes of visual extinction in these cores, and no evidence for a variation between our result and those for other clouds at lower column densities reported elsewhere in the literature. This suggests that either large grains are present even in low column density regions, or that the existing dust models need to be revised at mid-infrared wavelengths. We find a small but significant difference in the extinction law of the two cores, that we tentatively associate with the onset of star formation in B59.