Radio Astronomy Transformed: Aperture Arrays - Past, Present & Future

TL;DR

This paper reviews the history, technological advances, and future prospects of aperture arrays in radio astronomy, highlighting their transformative impact and the development of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA).

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of aperture arrays' evolution, recent technological breakthroughs, and their critical role in shaping next-generation radio telescopes like the SKA.

Findings

Aperture arrays have revolutionized radio astronomy over two decades.

LOFAR and other arrays demonstrate capabilities up to 1.5 GHz.

Technological advances enable more flexible, reliable, and powerful radio telescopes.

Abstract

I review the early development of Aperture Arrays and their role in radio astronomy. The demise of this technology at the end of the 1960's, and the reasons for the rise of parabolic dishes is also considered. The parallels with the Antikythera mechanism (see these proceedings) as a lost technology are briefly presented. Aperture Arrays re-entered the world of radio astronomy as the idea to build a huge radio telescope with a collecting area of one square kilometre (the Square Kilometre Array, SKA) arose. Huge ICT technology advances had transformed Aperture Arrays in terms of their capability, flexibility and reliability. In the mid-1990s, ASTRON started to develop and experiment with the first high frequency aperture array tiles for radio astronomy - AAD, OSMA, THEA & EMBRACE. In the slipstream of these efforts, Phased Array Feeds (PAFs) for radio astronomy were invented and LOFAR itself emerged as a next generation telescope and a major pathfinder for the SKA. Meanwhile, the same advantages that aperture arrays offered to radio astronomy had already made dishes obsolete in many different civilian and military applications. The first commissioning results from LOFAR and other Aperture Arrays (MWA, LWA and PAPER) currently demonstrate that this kind of technology can transform radio astronomy over 2 decades of the radio spectrum, and at frequencies up to at least 1.5 GHz. This "reinvention of radio astronomy" has important implications for the design and form of the full SKA. Building a SKA that is simply the "VLA on steroids" is simply not good enough. Like the Antikythera mechanism itself, we must amaze future generations of astronomers - they and the current generation deserve nothing less.