Uncertainty principle certifies genuine source of intrinsic randomness

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that the uncertainty principle guarantees intrinsic randomness in measurement outcomes across all no-signaling probabilistic theories, quantifying the minimum guaranteed randomness based on uncertainty levels.

Contribution

It extends the uncertainty principle's role in certifying intrinsic randomness beyond quantum mechanics to general no-signaling theories, providing a quantitative measure.

Findings

Intrinsic randomness is guaranteed by the uncertainty principle in all no-signaling theories.

The minimum guaranteed randomness depends on the amount of (un)certainty in the system.

The results unify the understanding of randomness certification across different probabilistic frameworks.

Abstract

The Born's rule introduces intrinsic randomness to the outcomes of a measurement performed on a quantum mechanical system. But, if the system is prepared in the eigenstate of an observable then the measurement outcome of that observable is completely predictable and hence there is no intrinsic randomness. On the other hand, if two incompatible observables are measured (either sequentially on a particle or simultaneously on two identical copies of the particle) then uncertainty principle guarantees intrinsic randomness in the subsequent outcomes independent of the preparation state of the system. In this article we show that this is true not only in quantum mechanics but for any no-signaling probabilistic theory. Also the minimum amount of intrinsic randomness that can be guaranteed for arbitrarily prepared state of the system is quantified by the amount of (un)certainty.