Square Kilometre Array station configuration using two-stage beamforming

TL;DR

This paper investigates the impact of two-stage beamforming on station performance for the SKA-low array, comparing regular and irregular layouts to optimize sensitivity and cost-effectiveness.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of two-stage beamforming effects on irregular station layouts in radio astronomy arrays.

Findings

Two-stage beamforming affects sidelobe levels and effective area.

Regular tile layouts produce regular grating lobes and diffuse sidelobes.

Irregular layouts offer higher effective area at lower frequencies.

Abstract

The lowest frequency band (70 - 450 MHz) of the Square Kilometre Array will consist of sparse aperture arrays grouped into geographically-localised patches, or stations. Signals from thousands of antennas in each station will be beamformed to produce station beams which form the inputs for the central correlator. Two-stage beamforming within stations can reduce SKA-low signal processing load and costs, but has not been previously explored for the irregular station layouts now favoured in radio astronomy arrays. This paper illustrates the effects of two-stage beamforming on sidelobes and effective area, for two representative station layouts (regular and irregular gridded tile on an irregular station). The performance is compared with a single-stage, irregular station. The inner sidelobe levels do not change significantly between layouts, but the more distant sidelobes are affected by the tile layouts; regular tile creates diffuse, but regular, grating lobes. With very sparse arrays, the station effective area is similar between layouts. At lower frequencies, the regular tile significantly reduces effective area, hence sensitivity. The effective area is highest for a two-stage irregular station, but it requires a larger station extent than the other two layouts. Although there are cost benefits for stations with two-stage beamforming, we conclude that more accurate station modelling, and SKA-low configuration specifications, are required before design finalisation.