Origin of thermoelectric response fluctuations in single-molecule junctions

TL;DR

This paper investigates the origins of thermoelectric response fluctuations in single-molecule junctions, revealing that level broadening and local density of states variations, not just HOMO-Fermi level alignment, are key factors.

Contribution

It demonstrates that HOMO level fluctuations alone cannot explain thermopower variability and introduces a theory accounting for level broadening and local density of states effects.

Findings

HOMO level fluctuations are insufficient to explain thermopower fluctuations.

Level broadening significantly impacts thermopower calculations.

Variations in local density of states contribute to response fluctuations.

Abstract

The thermoelectric response of molecular junctions exhibits large fluctuations, as observed in recent experiments [e.g. Malen J. A. {\sl et al.}, Nano Lett. {\bf 10}, 3406 (2009)]. These were attributed to fluctuations in the energy alignment between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the Fermi level at the electrodes. By analyzing these fluctuations assuming resonant transport through the HOMO level, we demonstrate that fluctuations in the HOMO level alone cannot account for the observed fluctuations in the thermopower, and that the thermo-voltage distributions obtained using the most common method, the Non-equilibrium Green's function method, are qualitatively different than those observed experimentally. We argue that this inconsistency between the theory and experiment is due to the level broadening, which is inherently built-in to the method, and smears out any variations of the transmission on energy scales smaller than the level broadening. We show that although this smearing only weakly affects the transmission, it has a large effect on the calculated thermopower. Using the theory of open quantum systems we account for both the magnitude of the variations and the qualitative form of the distributions, and show that they arise not only from variations in the HOMO-Fermi level offset, but also from variations of the local density of states at the contact point between the molecule and the electrode.