Dynamic Facial Expression of Emotion Made Easy
Joost Broekens, Chao Qu, Willem-Paul Brinkman

TL;DR
This paper introduces an easy-to-use, validated mechanism for creating dynamic facial expressions in virtual characters based on Facial Action Coding, suitable for various applications.
Contribution
It presents a flexible, validated system for generating affective facial expressions in virtual characters, with open-source implementation and empirical validation.
Findings
High recognition accuracy for 6 basic emotions.
Blended emotions and confusion patterns align with psychological research.
Expression intensity perception is consistent across conditions.
Abstract
Facial emotion expression for virtual characters is used in a wide variety of areas. Often, the primary reason to use emotion expression is not to study emotion expression generation per se, but to use emotion expression in an application or research project. What is then needed is an easy to use and flexible, but also validated mechanism to do so. In this report we present such a mechanism. It enables developers to build virtual characters with dynamic affective facial expressions. The mechanism is based on Facial Action Coding. It is easy to implement, and code is available for download. To show the validity of the expressions generated with the mechanism we tested the recognition accuracy for 6 basic emotions (joy, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear) and 4 blend emotions (enthusiastic, furious, frustrated, and evil). Additionally we investigated the effect of VC distance…
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Taxonomy
TopicsSocial Robot Interaction and HRI · Emotion and Mood Recognition · Face recognition and analysis
