Comparison of free energy estimators and their dependence on dissipated work

TL;DR

This paper compares free energy estimation methods, analyzing their dependence on dissipated work and demonstrating the conditions under which each method provides reliable estimates, especially focusing on Bennett's, Jarzynski's, and Crooks' methods.

Contribution

It provides a detailed comparison of free energy estimators, highlighting the robustness of Bennett's method and introducing a simplified 1/2-formula for practical use.

Findings

Bennett's estimator is reliable when dissipated works are equal in forward and backward processes.

Jarzynski's method depends heavily on slow protocols for accuracy.

Crooks' relation is mainly limited by sample size.

Abstract

The estimate of free energy changes based on Bennett's acceptance ratio method is examined in several limiting cases and compared with other estimates based on the Jarzynski equality and on the Crooks relation. While the absolute amount of dissipated work, defined as the surplus of average work over the free energy difference, limits the practical applicability of Jarzynski's and Crooks' methods, the reliability of Bennett's approach is restricted by the difference of the dissipated works in the forward and the backward process. We illustrate these points by considering a Gaussian chain and a hairpin chain which both are extended during the forward and accordingly compressed during the backward protocol. The reliability of the Crooks relation predominantly depends on the sample size; for the Jarzynski estimator the slowness of the work protocol is crucial, and the Bennett method is shown to give precise estimates irrespective of the pulling speed and sample size as long as the dissipated works are the same for the forward and the backward process as it is the case for Gaussian work distributions. With an increasing dissipated work difference the Bennett estimator also acquires a bias which increases roughly in proportion to this difference. A substantial simplification of the Bennett estimator is provided by the 1/2-formula which expresses the free energy difference by the algebraic average of the Jarzynski estimates for the forward and the backward processes. It agrees with the Bennett estimate in all cases when the Jarzynski and the Crooks estimates fail to give reliable results.