Bose gas in power-like spherically symmetric potential in arbitrary spatial dimensionality

TL;DR

This paper investigates the thermodynamics of an ideal Bose gas in arbitrary power-law spherically symmetric potentials across any spatial dimension, revealing that photon Bose-Einstein condensation in cavities is a third-kind phase transition.

Contribution

It provides a general analysis of Bose gas thermodynamics in arbitrary dimensions and potential powers, extending previous specific cases.

Findings

Bose-Einstein condensation temperature depends on potential power and dimension.

Photon condensation in cavities is classified as a third-kind phase transition.

Thermodynamical functions are derived for arbitrary potentials and dimensions.

Abstract

Temperature of the Bose -- Einstein condensation and the temperature behavior of the chemical potential and other thermodynamical functions of the ideal Bose gas are found for the arbitrary power-like spherical-symmetric potential at an arbitrary space dimension. It is shown that the recently observed Bose -- Einstein condensation of photons in the cavity is the phase transition of the third kind.