Massive black hole seeds born via direct gas collapse in galaxy mergers: their properties, statistics and environment

TL;DR

This paper investigates the formation, properties, and cosmic evolution of massive black hole seeds generated during galaxy mergers, highlighting their prevalence at high redshift and potential dominance over lighter seeds in the early universe.

Contribution

It introduces a new model for massive black hole seed formation during galaxy mergers, extending previous simulations to a cosmological context and analyzing their statistical significance.

Findings

Massive black hole seeds form frequently during major mergers at high redshift.

A significant fraction of late-time mergers in the local universe can also produce these seeds.

These seeds may dominate the high-mass end of the black hole population at z>2.

Abstract

We study the statistics and cosmic evolution of massive black hole seeds formed during major mergers of gas-rich late-type galaxies. Generalizing the results of the hydro-simulations from Mayer et al. 2010, we envision a scenario in which a supermassive star can form at the center of galaxies that just experienced a major merger owing to a multi-scale powerful gas inflow, provided that such galaxies live in haloes with masses above 10^{11} Msun, are gas-rich and disc-dominated, and do not already host a massive black hole. We assume that the ultimate collapse of the supermassive star leads to the rapid formation of a black hole of 10^5 Msun following a quasi-star stage. Using a model for galaxy formation applied to the outputs of the Millennium Simulation, we show that the conditions required for this massive black hole formation route to take place in the concordance LambdaCDM model are actually common at high redshift, and can be realized even at low redshift. Most major mergers above z~4 in haloes with mass > 10^{11} Msun can lead to the formation of a massive seed and, at z~2, the fraction of favourable mergers decreases to about half. Interestingly, we find that even in the local universe a fraction (~20%) of major mergers in massive haloes still satisfy the conditions for our massive black hole formation route. Those late events take place in galaxies with a markedly low clustering amplitude, that have lived in isolation for most of their life, and that are experiencing a major merger for the first time. We predict that massive black hole seeds from galaxy mergers can dominate the massive end of the mass function at high (z>4) and intermediate (z~2) redshifts relative to lighter seeds formed at higher redshift, for example, by the collapse of Pop III stars. Finally, a fraction of these massive seeds could lie, soon after formation, above the MBH-MBulge relation.