Gauge theory extension to include number scaling by boson field: Effects on some aspects of physics and geometry

TL;DR

This paper extends gauge theories by incorporating number scaling via a boson field, exploring its effects on physics and geometry, and discussing potential implications like cosmological phenomena and scaling holes.

Contribution

It introduces a novel extension of gauge theories with separate number structures and a scalar boson field, analyzing their impact on physical and geometric quantities.

Findings

Number scaling affects line elements and distances.

B field's constancy explains lack of observed scaling.

Examples include cosmological and black/white scaling holes.

Abstract

In gauge theories, separate vector spaces, Vx, are assigned to each space time point x with unitary operators as maps between basis vectors in neighboring Vx. Here gauge theories are extended by replacing the single underlying set of complex scalars, C, with separate sets, Cx, at each x, and including scaling between the Cx. In gauge theory Lagrangians, number scaling shows as a scalar boson field, B, with small coupling to matter fields. Freedom of number scaling is extended to a model with separate number structures assigned to each point x. Separate collections, Ux, of all mathematical systems based on numbers, are assigned to each x. Mathematics available to an observer, Ox, at x is that in Ux. The B field induces scaling between structures in the different Ux. Effects of B scaling on some aspects of physics and geometry are described. The lack of experimentally observed scaling means that B(z) is essentially constant for all points, z, in a region, Z, that can be occupied by us as observers. This restriction does not apply outside Z. The effects of B scaling on line elements, curve lengths, and distances between points, are examined. Oz's description, using Uz in Z, of elements at points, x, outside Z, includes scaling from x to z. Integrals over curves include scaling factors inside the integrals. Two examples are discussed. One shows that B(t) can be such that mathematical, physical, and geometric quantities approach zero as the time t approaches zero. This mimics the big bang in that distances approach zero. Examples of black and white scaling holes are described in which B(x) is plus or minus infinity at a point x.