A simple prescription for simulating and characterizing gravitational arcs

TL;DR

This paper introduces simple models and tools for simulating, detecting, and analyzing gravitational arcs in astronomical images, aiding large-scale surveys and arc characterization.

Contribution

It presents the ArcEllipse model, PaintArcs code, and ArcFitting tool, enabling automated simulation and fitting of gravitational arcs with validation on real data.

Findings

ArcEllipse model recovers total signal within 10-30%

Models automatically estimate length-to-width ratios

Residuals reveal arc substructures and merging effects

Abstract

Simple models of gravitational arcs are crucial to simulate large samples of these objects with full control of the input parameters. These models also provide crude and automated estimates of the shape and structure of the arcs, which are necessary when trying to detect and characterize these objects on massive wide area imaging surveys. We here present and explore the ArcEllipse, a simple prescription to create objects with shape similar to gravitational arcs. We also present PaintArcs, which is a code that couples this geometrical form with a brightness distribution and adds the resulting object to images. Finally, we introduce ArcFitting, which is a tool that fits ArcEllipses to images of real gravitational arcs. We validate this fitting technique using simulated arcs and apply it to CFHTLS and HST images of tangential arcs around clusters of galaxies. Our simple ArcEllipse model for the arc, associated to a S\'ersic profile for the source, recovers the total signal in real images typically within 10%-30%. The ArcEllipse+S\'ersic models also automatically recover visual estimates of length-to-width ratios of real arcs. Residual maps between data and model images reveal the incidence of arc substructure. They may thus be used as a diagnostic for arcs formed by the merging of multiple images. The incidence of these substructures is the main factor preventing ArcEllipse models from accurately describing real lensed systems.