How energy conservation limits our measurements

TL;DR

This paper investigates how energy conservation principles impose fundamental restrictions on quantum measurements, providing algorithms to characterize these limitations and clarifying the boundaries of measurable quantum phenomena.

Contribution

It introduces efficient algorithms to determine measurement limitations imposed by energy conservation and quantifies these constraints for two-level quantum systems.

Findings

Algorithms for characterizing measurement limitations

Exact quantification for two-level systems

Defines boundaries of measurable quantum effects

Abstract

Observations in Quantum Mechanics are subject to complex restrictions arising from the principle of energy conservation. Determining such restrictions, however, has been so far an elusive task, and only partial results are known. In this paper we discuss how constraints on the energy spectrum of a measurement device translate into limitations on the measurements which we can effect on a target system with non-trivial energy operator. We provide efficient algorithms to characterize such limitations and we quantify them exactly when the target is a two-level quantum system. Our work thus identifies the boundaries between what is possible or impossible to measure, i.e., between what we can see or not, when energy conservation is at stake.