The Co-evolution of Cosmic Entropy and Structures in the Universe

TL;DR

This study uses cosmological simulations to analyze how entropy evolves alongside cosmic structures, revealing black holes as the dominant contributors and suggesting a co-evolution driven mainly by black hole formation.

Contribution

First comprehensive quantification of cosmic entropy evolution using detailed hydrodynamical simulations aligned with LambdaCDM cosmology.

Findings

Black holes dominate entropy across all epochs.

Entropy growth correlates with galaxy formation.

Entropy increase slows after redshift z~2.

Abstract

According to the second law of thermodynamics, the arrow of time points to an ever increasing entropy of the Universe. However, exactly how the entropy evolves with time and what drives the growth remain largely unknown. Here, for the first time, we quantify the evolving entropy of cosmic structures using a large-scale cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. Our simulation starts from initial conditions predicted by the leading LambdaCDM cosmology, self-consistently evolves the dynamics of both dark and baryonic matter, star formation, black hole growth and feedback processes, from the cosmic dawn to the present day. Tracing the entropy contributions of these distinct components in the simulation, we find a strong link between entropy growth and structure formation. The entropy is dominated by that of the black holes in all epochs, and its evolution follows the same path as that of galaxies: it increases rapidly from a low-entropy state at high redshift until z~2, then transits to a slower growth. Our results suggest that cosmic entropy may co-evolve with cosmic structure, and that its growth may be driven mainly by the formation of black holes in galaxies. We predict that the entropy will continue to increase in the near future, but likely at a constant rate.