Spectroastrometry of rotating gas disks for the detection of supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei. III. CRIRES observations of the Circinus galaxy

TL;DR

This study uses spectroastrometry with CRIRES to measure the nuclear mass distribution in the Circinus galaxy, achieving higher spatial resolution than classical methods, and explores the nature of the unresolved mass near the supermassive black hole.

Contribution

It introduces a spectroastrometric technique to probe gas rotation at smaller scales, providing new insights into the nuclear mass distribution and the nature of the unresolved mass in the galaxy.

Findings

Spectroastrometry probes gas rotation at ~3.5 times smaller scales than classical methods.

Unresolved nuclear mass is about 7.9 million solar masses, smaller than previous estimates.

The unresolved mass likely comprises molecular gas and possibly a circum-nuclear torus.

Abstract

We present new CRIRES spectroscopic observations of BrGamma in the nuclear region of the Circinus galaxy, obtained with the aim of measuring the black hole (BH) mass with the spectroastrometric technique. The Circinus galaxy is an ideal benchmark for the spectroastrometric technique given its proximity and secure BH measurement obtained with the observation of its nuclear H2O maser disk. The kinematical data have been analyzed both with the classical method based on the analysis of the rotation curves and with the new method developed by us and based on spectroastrometry. The classical method indicates that the gas disk rotates in the gravitational potential of an extended stellar mass distribution and a spatially unresolved mass of (1.7 +- 0.2) 10^7 Msun, concentrated within r < 7 pc. The new method is capable of probing gas rotation at scales which are a factor ~3.5 smaller than those probed by the rotation curve analysis. The dynamical mass spatially unresolved with the spectroastrometric method is a factor ~2 smaller, 7.9 (+1.4 -1.1) 10^6 Msun indicating that spectroastrometry has been able to spatially resolve the nuclear mass distribution down to 2 pc scales. This unresolved mass is still a factor ~4.5 larger than the BH mass measurement obtained with the H2O maser emission indicating that it has not been possible to resolve the sphere of influence of the BH. Based on literature data, this spatially unresolved dynamical mass distribution is likely dominated by molecular gas and it has been tentatively identified with the circum-nuclear torus which prevents a direct view of the central BH in Circinus. This mass distribution, with a size of ~2pc, is similar in shape to that of the star cluster of the Milky Way suggesting that a molecular torus, forming stars at a high rate, might be the earlier evolutionary stage of the nuclear star clusters which are common in late type spirals.