Linear surface roughness growth and flow smoothening in a three-dimensional biofilm model

TL;DR

This study investigates how flow shear influences biofilm surface roughness, revealing linear growth patterns and flow-induced smoothing effects, with implications for understanding biofilm architecture in fluid environments.

Contribution

It introduces a modified agent-based biofilm model incorporating flow, demonstrating flow's role in reducing surface roughness and highlighting non-local nutrient interactions.

Findings

Surface roughness grows linearly in both directions.

Flow reduces surface roughness monotonically.

Active surface layer thickness anti-correlates with roughness.

Abstract

The sessile microbial communities known as biofilms exhibit varying architectures as environmental factors are varied, which for immersed biofilms includes the shear rate of the surrounding flow. Here we modify an established agent-based biofilm model to include affine flow, and employ it to analyse the growth of surface roughness of single-species, three-dimensional biofilms. We find linear growth laws for surface geometry in both horizontal and vertical directions, and measure the thickness of the active surface layer, which is shown to anti-correlate with roughness. Flow is shown to monotonically reduce surface roughness without affecting the thickness of the active layer. We argue that the rapid roughening is due to non-local surface interactions mediated by the nutrient field, which are curtailed when advection competes with diffusion. We further argue the need for simplified models to elucidate the underlying mechanisms coupling flow to growth.