The Evolution and Space Weather Effects of Solar Coronal Holes

TL;DR

This paper develops automated methods to detect and analyze solar coronal holes, linking their evolution to space weather effects like geomagnetic storms and high-speed solar wind streams, enhancing forecasting capabilities.

Contribution

Introduces novel automated algorithms (CHARM, CHEVOL, MIST) for detecting, tracking, and analyzing coronal holes and their space weather impacts over long periods.

Findings

Coronal hole boundaries change due to interchange reconnection, consistent with theoretical models.

CHs are linked to high-speed solar wind streams affecting Earth's magnetosphere.

Long-term analysis confirms correlation between CHs, solar wind, and geomagnetic activity.

Abstract

In recent years the role of space weather forecasting has grown tremendously as our society increasingly relies on satellite dependent technologies. The forecasting of flare and CME related transient geomagnetic storms has become a primary initiative, however, minor magnetic storms caused by coronal holes (CHs) have also proven to be of high importance due to their long lasting and recurrent geomagnetic effects. In order to study CH properties, the author developed an automated CH detection method (CHARM), which uses local intensity histograms to identify CH boundaries. An additional algorithm package (CHEVOL) was developed to study individual CHs by tracking their boundary evolution. It is widely accepted that the short-term changes in CH boundaries are due to the interchange reconnection between the CH open field lines and small loops. In order to test the interchange reconnection model, the magnetic reconnection rate and the diffusion coefficient at CH boundaries were determined using observed CH boundary displacement velocities. The results were found to be in agreement with those determined by the theory. The MIST algorithm was developed by the author to build on the CHARM package, providing a fast and consistent way to link CHs to high-speed solar wind periods detected at Earth. This allowed us to carry out a long-term analysis (2000-2009) to study the relationship between CHs, the corresponding HSSW properties, and geomagnetic indices. The relationship between CH related high-speed solar wind streams and the electron flux enhancements in the Van Allen radiation belt was confirmed. The research presented in this thesis includes the small-scale analysis of individual CHs on time scales of days, which is complemented with large scale analysis of CH groups on time scales of years. This allowed us to further our understanding of CH evolution as a whole.